落噫的呼嘻哈呵嘿

Difference between Push-Pull and Open-Drain

2012-02-01T14:43:00.006+08:00

以下文章尻背從"Rose的仕事"網頁
========================================
具有推挽(push-pull)輸出的器件是指:
輸出腳內部集成有一對互補的MOSFET，當Q1導通、Q2截止時輸出高電位；而當Q1截止導通、Q2導通時輸出低電位；即可以Sink電流，也可以Source電流；
但是缺點是，一條總線上只能有一個push-pull輸出的器件；如圖(1)
push-pull 有PMOS+NMOS 故有 push (source current from PMOS) 和 pull( sink current to NMOS) 之能力!
以使用來說:
Push Pull較常在Logic IC(TTL/CMOS)出現

以應用來說
驅動下一級能力:Push Pull>Open Drain

有open-drain 輸出的元件是指內部輸出和地之間有個N通道的MOSFET（T1），這些元件可以用於電壓轉換的應用。

輸出電壓由Vcc 決定。

Vcc可以大於輸入高電電壓VCC（up－translate）也可以低於輸入高電平電壓VCC（down－translate）。

open-drain 電路對於各種電壓節點間的電位轉換非常有用。但是，這種電位轉換的方法存在一些缺點。

例如，當輸出電位為Low時，N溝道三極管是導通的，這樣在Vcc'和GND之間有一個持續的電流流過上拉電阻Rpullup。

這會影響整個系統的功耗。雖然採用較大值的Pull high電阻可以減小電流。但是，但是大的阻值會使輸出信號的上升時間 (slew rate)變慢。

open drin 顧名思義只有 NMOS , drin open ,只有 pull-down(sink current) 的能力.
open drin 未接 pull-up 電阻則只能做 float / pull-low 的動作
以使用來說z:
Open Drain較常在Microcontroll IC出現

以應用來說
結合不同準位:Open Drain>Push Pull
輸入出阻抗:Push Pull>Open Drain

Current consumption? Power consumption?

2009-05-20T11:24:00.004+08:00

At this core board current consumption abnormal high issue,
When we apply DC3.3V to core, the current consumption is 350mA, whereas the former MaChao whole system current consumption is just 160mA. We are in facking PANIC!!

Try to decrease by-pass capacitor; lower the floating I/O pin current consumption; PCB layout issue; ferrite beads internal resistance too high; resistors of the voltage ladder provide Vref of DDR too low; and many other facking guess...all in FACKING VAIN!!

Finally, we find someone who knows power well(he is a facking good power chip designer!!). He told us not just see the current consumption, we should consider the POWER CONSUMPTION!!

Do some simple calculation, the former Machao system is DC12V supply and 160mA current consumption, thus the power consumption is 12*0.16=1.92(W). Then for core board is DC3.3V supply and 350 current consumption, thus the power consumption is 3.3*0.35=1.155(W). Well, the power consumption seems a facking reasonable way.

Then I do a experiment, build a voltage regulate board which is DC12V to DC3.3V, the core board apply the DC3.3V from the regulation board. Then we can see the current consumption is low to 100mA by DC12V source. Perfect!!

During this issue, we learned about not only the current consumption, the power consumption is needed to be considered. The P=VI equation is really FACKING IMPORTANT!!

Heterodyne

2009-03-04T13:46:00.002+08:00

Heterodyne comes from the Greek root hetero-"different" and -dyne"power".

In radio and signal processing, heterodyne is the generation of new frequencies by mixing or multiplying two oscillating waveforms. It is useful for modulation and demodulation of signals, or placing information of interest into a useful frequency range.

Mixing two frequencies creates two new frequencies, one at the sum of the two frequencies mixed, and the other at their difference. Typically only one of these frequencies is desired--the higher one after modulation and the lower one after demodulation. The other signal is either not passed by the tuned circuitry follows or may be filtered out.

購屋體檢表

2009-02-04T16:43:00.001+08:00

以下尻背從"實踐家與夢想家"網站

===============================================
銀行評斷物件的貸款成數絕大部分會因其條件優劣而作決定,
銀行的所指的A,B,C,D區便是房子好壞,貸款成數高低的行內用語.
一般人要如何選擇房子才不會落入銀行判定為C或D區的可憐命運呢?
簡單的說就是,"適合人類居住的房子,就是銀行喜歡的物件"!!* D9 L* P9 i2 e* L! e( u& o; ^
有人會說,這樣講不是等於沒講!?
其實這是事實,一個房子住的很舒服都有其原因,
只是人們沒有去特別注意而已.
- @- g8 i4 ?; Y- O* Q) ]1 k; a

以下內容需要回復才能看到

我有一位朋友他有一次跟我提到,他的哥哥最近想買房子,
我問他你哥哥是怎麼決定選擇一間房子的?/ t0 I0 n$ u5 q9 F+ X5 P* b
他說:我哥哥每當走進一間房子時," Q3 v+ ~& J2 n8 s
如果喜歡就會有感覺,那種感覺會讓他有想買的衝動....

感覺?好像靈異節目的說辭,不過他的話也不是完全不對,
如果是行家,感覺會是理性判斷下的產物;
若你只是一個單純的購屋族,
感覺很有可能會是美輪美奐的裝潢,; s/ l' l2 n9 s8 [' M: y
或是很美麗的海景,但,你的工作可能只適合出海捕魚...* F( c+ {% v; v) `1 X% l' U& f

其實買房子可以更理性點,更科學點,更精準點,1 U8 b- n4 R+ s9 b
那些感覺會建立在以下的條件...1 {) O: i% g0 i; Y) y M" F: h8 Y
8 _& M- p) A- z
(p.s.1若你是房子投資客重度玩家,有些條件可能不適合你,如有些投資客會選住辦混和或工業住宅)
(p.s.2 此表非完整或完全正確表格,歡迎各位實踐家與夢想家的團隊們一起集思廣益,將此表修正的更加完整,以後此表再配合從Trump老師那裡所習得的估價,貸款,及談判技巧,想買到不好或貴的物件,除非你是從小立志作潘仔腳的人了!)
. \5 q" m/ M/ D3 n8 @
加分項目 % @ U3 x% ~- S" c9 [7 R9 O5 O
好地段
純住宅非住辦混合 ( @/ ~, b0 A5 _) k. p* Q
有公園綠地 / r% z# F3 f9 X3 Q6 R9 H9 d
有山林景觀
為人文薈萃之地 ' z2 d2 {! X& Y( f6 N, e
附近有明星國小中學學區 # g: d# d2 K; O4 t
位於安靜住宅區 * G* U1 I( c- @3 P) z
走路5分鐘便可獲得食衣住行滿足的商圈 8 ?8 I+ ~/ Z7 c- R) g u2 p
走路3分鐘內有便利超商
發生火災時消防車或警察可在三分鐘內到達 1 m, Z7 m0 W6 o/ U3 s0 B
有公車在步行五分鐘內 # t0 L8 i" b# N: v" R, B; ]8 `7 ^
有捷運在步行五分鐘內
好停車停車位未飽和(以非供過於求的住宅區為前提) ; E- v& w# h& \1 V: ` a
有聯外道路 % A/ K! S) y2 Y+ u" X8 s
夜間點燈數有五成以上
公設比例合理
格局方正
沒有閒置浪費的坪數
室內動線順暢
沒有因風水問題而需另裝潢
採光良好,或裝潢可改善
是邊間的房子
座北朝南的房子,沒有日曬的問題
通風良好
是高樓層 2 l4 M" C0 i9 {2 P* v
是好門牌 ' L5 w3 S; N4 F8 S. n
有廣告牆可用(投資用參考) 7 F" X) t2 Q1 A
民國84年以前的頂加(投資用參考) 2 e2 H1 l. d& O; C" ]

扣分項目 0 ^+ R3 E8 N# s/ d- U
有高壓電塔
是工業區住宅 / C0 @) N# P8 O7 V
有聲色行業
有網咖ktv八大行業 5 N! g3 D0 K2 v' B& d
附近有攤販 1 H- Z. N E# l5 d5 g- [
附近有寺廟 ) Q$ E0 Q* {- w( @1 ^# M3 u- h
附近有墳墓
有噪音源 6 n- Z4 d8 V, `+ Q
有污染源
地板傾斜
凶宅
海砂屋 4 }; E8 x: D9 H0 F) T
輻射屋
地段不好 ]- v8 K: R" P& E9 C( h) f% Q+ c
房子在電箱旁 : a* p4 v) m" J
L0 x2 i' t+ p f+ T

以下條件較偏向純自住所需考量 3 G8 c" z6 M+ @ w2 y3 }* E
住戶水準優良
管理委員會完善
出入口有管制人員 $ m. T2 G3 M, C3 k& w) n) R/ }
管理費用合理 7 S6 x# [: {/ F) k% ?! a! v. ^
公設使用率高維護良好
公設距離近 4 A. S8 j: ]# z5 f1 }$ \- h, K
公設使用不需另行付費
牆壁不會漏水
牆壁沒有壁癌
沒有水泥裂縫
樓梯間老舊
有天然瓦斯
衛浴設備不需整修
電壓足夠
水壓足夠 . e; U f; W" P
水電沒有被偷接
不是塞車路段(若是好地段造成的堵車則不適用)
3 o- B' B, X: b2 r5 }2 A

簡單風水參考(扣分項目)(風水見人見智但有時重大風水亦為銀行評判考量)
處於道路或河流反弓處 ' F0 H% R1 x4 u2 d7 A! C: ^' j
非方形地基
地基前寬後窄 4 T, }) h1 R: J" e7 d# [5 T! }+ d4 p
房子對到別人的屋角 7 e! o% u' Z: X) a8 }% b
門前正對地下停車場出口 ' I* D: x' r0 I' H6 D" t
有暗房
大門正對樓梯 5 y$ l: y- E) y: H7 f1 k) q
房間門對房間門
房間上方有重樑壓頂 ( p% p$ r7 v# K# ]6 z7 H
廚房採開放式設計
廁所位於大門邊或整個房子中間
房門為餘屋子三個角落 # u: o/ G0 _+ B% C O
打開大門可直接看到後門
地基缺角1/3以上
位於死巷裡 1 B8 [0 j4 M7 l
房屋地基低於路面
天橋,陸橋,高架橋切過建築物
房子蓋在山坡上
面對兩棟大樓的縫隙
正對馬路(路衝) 8 P# V- d# s7 H, ?: o$ A; G

Microstrip versus Stripline

2009-01-19T18:30:00.004+08:00

Microstrips are traces on the outer layer of a PCB,
as shown right.

Striplines are traces between two ground planes.
Striplines are less prone to emissions and susceptibility problems since the reference planes effectively shield the embedded traces. However, from the standpoint of high-speed transmission, the two parallel planes creates additional capacitance.

Regarding to LVDS signals, it is recommended the LVDS signals could be routed on microstrip transmission lines if possible.

Lumped versus Distributed System

2009-01-19T17:51:00.002+08:00

Length of rising edge
l=rise time(ps)/medium delay(ps/in)

circuits size smaller than l/6 are lumped circuits, otherwise they are distributed circuits.

Ground Bounce

2009-01-19T16:44:00.003+08:00

Ground bounce is crosstalk that occurs when there is a shift in the internal ground reference voltage due to output switching. This problem can result in erroneous state switching in ground-referenced (single-ended) gates. Essentially, transients on the ground disturb single-ended inputs that use the ground potential as a reference.
The ground and Vcc bounce cannot be eliminated, but providing low impedance, low inductance paths from the ground leads of the chip to the PCB ground can minimize their effects.
It is recommended that connecting each ground pin on a device directly to the PCB ground plane. Tying pins together and connecting them to the ground plane tends to increase inductance to ground and worsen ground bounce problems.

Decouple Circuit

2009-01-19T10:55:00.000+08:00

-- to be continued --

Clamp Circuit

2009-01-19T10:54:00.000+08:00

-- to be continued --

Latch-up Effect

2009-01-19T10:50:00.002+08:00

-- to be continued --

Intersymbol Interference(ISI)

2009-01-19T10:49:00.003+08:00

Refer to Wikipedia ISI article.

In telecommunication, intersymbol interference(ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effects as noise, thus making the communication less reliable.

ISI is usually caused by multipath propagation and the inherent non-linear frequency response of a channel. ISI arises because of imperfections in the overall frequency response of the system.
The presence of ISI in the system introduces errors in the decision device at the receiver output. Therefore in the design of the transmitting and receiving filters, the objective is to minimize the effect of ISI.

Ways to fight against intersymbol interference include adaptive equalization and error correcting codes.

Multiplath Propagation
Multipath propagation means a wireless signal from a transmitter reaches the receiver via many different paths. The cuase of this include reflection, refraction and atmospheric effects. Since all of these paths are different lengths, this results in the different versions of the signal arriving at different times. This delay means that part or all of a given symbol will be spread into the subsequent symbols, thereby interfering with the correct detecting of those symbols. Additionally, the various paths often distort the amplitude and/or phase of the signal thereby causing further interference with the received signal.

Bandlimited Channels
A bandlimited channel means the frequency response is zero above or below a certain frequency(the cutoff frequency). Passing a signal through such a channel results in the removal of frequency component above and below this cutoff frequency.
This filtering of the transmitted signal affects the shape of the pulse that arrives at the receiver. Besides it is spread out over the subsequent symbol periods. When a message is transmitted through a channel, the spread pulse of individual symbol will interfere with following symbols.
As opposed to multipath propagation, bandlimited channels are present in both wired and wireless communications. The limitation is often imposed by the desire to operate multiple independent signals through the same area/cable; due to this, each system is typically allocated a piece of the total bandwidth available.
The bandlimiting can also be due to the physical properties of the medium.
Communication systems that transmit data over bandlimited channels usually implement pulse shaping to avoid interference caused by the bandwidth limitation. Often the channel response is not known beforehand, and an adaptive equalizer is used to compensate the frequency response.

TTL&CMOS

2009-01-06T13:49:00.016+08:00

Abbreviation
TTL - Transistor-Transistor Logic
HTTL - High-speed TTL
LTTL - Low-power TTL
STTL - Schottky TTL
LSTTL - Low-power Schottky TTL
ASTTL - Advanced Schottky TTL
ALSTTL- Advanced Low-power Schottky TTL
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
HC/HCT- High-speed CMOS Logic
AC/ACT- Advanced CMOS Logic
AHC/AHCT-Advanced High-speed CMOS Logic

1. TTL logic level
Voh > 2.4V; Vol < 0.4V; Normally, Voh ="3.5V"; Vol ="0.2V"; Vih>= 2.0V; Vil <= 0.8V. Noise margin = 0.4V.
2. CMOS logic level
Logic 1 level voltage approximate source voltage(VDD)
Logic 0 level voltage approximate 0V(GND)
CMOS logic has higher noise margin than TTL logic.

3. Level transform
Since TTL and CMOS have different logic level, a level transform circuit(voltage ladder) is needed while a TTL device connects to a CMOS device.

4. TTL and CMOS comparison
1). TTL circuit is a current control device; CMOS circuit is a voltage control device.
2). TTL circuit has higher speed, shorter propagation delay(5~10ns) but consume more power. CMOS has lower speed, longer propagation delay(25~50ns) but lower power consumption. The power consumption of CMOS circuit is relative to the frequency of the input signal. Higher frequency will consume more power and therefore generate more heat.

5. CMOS device latch-up effect
When the input current is too large, the current inside the CMOS device will be latched and get increased until power off or device damaged. Some measures we could apply to prevent this,
1). Add clamp circuit at both input and output to prevent exceeding rated voltage.
2). Add decouple circuit at power input to prevent high voltage pulse.
3). Add current-limiting resistor between VDD and source power.
4). While power on the system, power on CMOS device prior signal and load. And inverse sequence while power off.

6. CMOS device application note
1). CMOS device is a voltage control device, it has a large input impedance and good noise immunity. Therefore DO NOT floating unused pins, provide them a steady voltage level by a pull-high or a pull-low resistor.
2). While the input pins connect to a low impedance signal source, put current-limiting resistors in series between inputs and signal source to limit the input current under 1mA. The CMOS device could be damaged when input current over 1mA.
3). Add matching resistors while connect to a long signal path.
4). While a large capacitor exists at the input, add a protecting resistor between input and the capacitor. Rp=V/1mA, where V is the voltage on the capacitor.

Knee Frequency

2008-12-26T15:32:00.004+08:00

The Knee Frequency for any digital signal is related to the rise(fall) time of its digital edges, but not to its clock rate;

Fknee=0.5/Tr

where Fknee = frequency below which most energy in digital pulses concentrates.
Tr = pulse rise time.

Shorter rise times push Fknee higher. Longer rise times pull Fknee lower.

1. Any circuit which has a flat frequency response up to and including Fknee will pass a digital signal practically undistored.
2. The behavior above Fknee of a digital circuit will have little effect on how it processes digital signals.

reference: High-Speed Digital Design

Jitter

2008-12-23T11:45:00.010+08:00

Jitter is an unwanted variation of one or more characteristics of a periodic signal in electronics and telecommunication.

Jitter has deterministic and random components. Deterministic jitter(DJ) comes from system sources such as crosstalk, inter-symbol interference and power-supply feed through. It is bounded so it can be characterized by it's peak-to-peak value. Random jitter(RJ) comes from physical sources such as thermal noise, shot noise and scattering in optical media. Random jitter is typically Gaussian in shape so it is unbounded.

Random Jitter
Random jitter is characterized by a Gaussian distribution and is assumed unbounded. The distribution is quantified by the standard deviation and mean to measure random jitters and can be used to predict peak-to-peak jitter as a function of Bit Error Rate(BER).
Common sources of RJ include shot noise, flicker noise and thermal noise.Shot noise amplitude is a function of average current flow. Flicker noise has a spectral distribution that is proportional to 1/f. Thermal noise can be represented by broadband "white" noise and has flat spectral density.

Deterministic Jitter

工程學

2008-12-23T10:31:00.001+08:00

身為一個工程師..玩WOW一定要玩工程學的啊~~
以下尻背從巴哈姆特

--------------------工程學--------------------

資料參考及轉貼來源-
魔獸藏寶箱及www.thottbot.com跟密技冰風暴2007.4月刊
www.wowhead.com, www.wowdb.com及降魔寶典2

11.29更新 - 更新至450, 刪除部份過時技能
9.20更新 - 新增專業所需等級及專業導師位置
8.29更新 - 新增工程部份特殊物品出處
8.07更新 - 取消特殊礦, 新增護目鏡升級練法, 系別轉變方式修正
6.16更新 - 節省大量中高等的錠用量, 但額外需要其他非工程材料

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
建議是先看完練法, 再去準備想要的材料
升級用的技能是以導師就能習得技能到為主, 輕易買得到的公式次之
然後再去考慮材料的入手難易度下去選擇升級技能的方向

沒有特別注明公式拾榜的話, 就是裝榜公式, 有些可先找人代買 (如聲望公式等)
幾乎所有買得到的公式都會限量, 重新販賣時間不一定, 但大約都是20分鐘上下

黃色的技能是以2倍材料去計算(實際上可能只會花到1.5倍)
綠色的技能是以3倍的材料去計算
提升等級的機率, 橘色是100%, 黃色大約是67%, 綠色大約是25%, 灰色則無法提升等級

350那邊考慮蠻多的, 因為克銀能量核心跟魔鋼安置器在後面都會用到
不過最後還是選了護目鏡升到375
一來是因為材料沒那麼複雜跟難入手, 二來則是做出來的裝還可以拆掉
各位也可以考慮用堅鋼步槍來升, 只是礦的用量會蠻大的

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
所需材料:

劣質的石頭x39 劣質火藥粉x60
粗糙的石頭x25
沉重的石頭x20 烈性火藥粉x55
堅固的石頭x40 實心火藥粉x140
緻密的石頭x20 緻密火藥粉x20
元素火藥粉x65
元素火藥粉x4 (火焰微粒x1 大地微粒x2) [300-300-310-320]

銅錠x69 青銅錠x195 鐵錠x35
鋼錠x4 秘銀錠x150 瑟銀錠x115
魔鐵錠x80 堅鋼錠x40
鈷藍錠x270 薩鋼錠x720
青銅錠x2 (銅錠x1 錫錠x1) [65-65-90-115]
鋼錠x1 (鐵錠x1 煤塊) [165-165-165-165]

一把螺栓x70 銅質調節器x10
秘銀外殼x40 不牢固的扳機x20
魔鐵外殼x15 一把魔鐵螺栓x50
一把鈷藍螺栓x40 烈性爆炸觸發器x45
霜鋼管x10 <工程學製品>

弱效助熔劑x69 (鍛造商人販賣)

沉重的樹幹x5 (工程學商人販賣)

剝皮小刀x40 採礦鎬x40 鐵匠之錘x40 (相關商人販賣)

亞麻布x20 毛料x75 絲綢x35
魔紋布x20 符文布x15 幽紋布x20

中皮x50 重皮x20 北風皮革x20

晶化之水x45 晶化大地x15 (採礦時有機率取得)

永恆暗影x10

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
技能等級成品名稱 (所需材料) [習得等級-黃色-綠色-灰色]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
等級需求5, 技能需求0, 技能可提升至75 [各大新手主城皆有導師]
1-30 劣質火藥粉 - (劣質的石頭x1) -39 [1-20-30-40]
30-50 一把螺栓 - (銅錠x1) -25 [30-45-52-60]
50-51 扳手 - (銅錠x6) -1 [50-70-80-90] <多數工程製作必備工具>
51-65 銅管 - (銅錠x2 弱效助熔劑x1) -14 [50-80-95-110]
65-75 銅質調節器 - (銅錠x1 一把螺栓x2 亞麻布x2) -10 [65-95-110-125]

做 [銅質調節器] 是為了後面升級方便, 若不作, 也可以選用 [銅管] 升到75

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等級需求10, 技能需求50, 技能可提升至150 [各大新手主城皆有導師]
75-90 粗製火藥粉 - (粗糙的石頭x1) -25 [75-85-90-95]
90-100 活動假人 - (青銅錠x1 銅質調節器x1 一把螺栓x2 毛料x1) -10 [85-115-130-145]

有銀錠的話, 可以用 [銀觸煤] 從90級升到110級, 甚至125
銀觸煤x5 - (銀錠x1) [90-110-125-140]
[粗製火藥粉] 後面還用得到, 不要太早丟掉唷

虎眼石還算便宜, 輕皮夠多的話, [飛虎護目鏡] 將很好升級
飛虎護目鏡 - (輕皮x6 虎眼石x2) [100-130-145-160]

100-115 練習鎖 - (青銅錠x1 一把螺栓x2 弱效助熔劑x1) -15 [100-115-123-130]
115-125 青銅管 - (青銅錠x2 弱效助熔劑x1) -20 [105-105-130-155]
125-135 烈性火藥粉 - (沉重的石頭x1) -20 [125-125-135-145]
135-145 高速青銅齒輪 - (青銅錠x2 毛料x1) -20 [125-125-150-175]
145-150 青銅框架 - (青銅錠x2 中皮x1 毛料x1) -10 [145-145-170-195]

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等級需求20, 技能需求125, 技能可提升至225 [各大新手主城皆有導師]
150-160 各色煙火 - (烈性火藥粉x1 重皮x1) -20 [150-150-163-175] <公式限量>
聯盟-鐵爐堡-地精區-考格斯賓<67,42> (藍色煙火)
聯盟-暴風城-法師區-達利安·辛格<29,67> (藍色煙火)
部落-奧格瑪-榮譽谷-索維克<75,25> (紅色煙火)
荊棘谷-藏寶海灣-克拉賽.斯巴克斯<28,76> (綠色煙火)
貧瘠之地-棘齒城-加格斯普吉特<62,36> (綠色煙火)

若是不打算靠煙火升等的話, 可以考慮用 [水下誘魚器] 升級, 只是材料會貴很多
水下誘魚器 - (青銅錠x2 粗製火藥粉x1 夜色蟲x1) [150-150-160-170]

有金錠的話, 150可以做 [黃金能量核心] 升等
黃金能量核心x3 - (金錠x1) -10 [150-150-170-190]

雖然不建議..但如果綠瑪瑙跟中皮夠多的話, 做這個可以省很多礦
綠色護目鏡 - (飛虎護目鏡x1 綠瑪瑙x2 中皮x4 ) [150-175-188-200]
[飛虎護目鏡] 的進階物品

160-175 青銅框架 - (青銅錠x2 中皮x1 毛料x1) -35 [145-145-170-195]
175-175 地精微調器 - (鋼錠x4) -1 [175-175-195-215] <多數工程製作必備工具>

如果前面是用金錠升的話, 在170-175, 185-190之間, 可以用 [發條式同步協調陀螺儀] 升等
發條式同步協調陀螺儀 - (鐵錠x1 黃金能量核心x1) -10 [170-170-190-210]
這樣建議是因為175-185的材料便宜, 都用這個會蠻浪費的

175-185 實心火藥粉 - (堅固的石頭x2) -20 [175-175-185-195]
185-200 鐵皮手雷x2 - (鐵錠x1 烈性火藥粉x1 絲綢x1) -35 [175-175-195-215]

附上比較特殊的專精配方
哥布林火箭燃油配方 - (空白的羊皮紙x1 墨水x1) [205-205-205-205] <需哥布林工程 205級>
秘銀杆設計圖 - (空白的羊皮紙x1 墨水x1) [205-205-205-205] <需地精工程 205級>

200-210 不牢固的扳機 - (秘銀錠x1 實心火藥粉x1 魔紋布x1) -20 [200-200-220-240]

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等級需求35, 技能需求200, 技能可提升至300 [各大新手主城皆有導師]
210-230 高速秘銀彈頭x200 - (秘銀錠x1 實心火藥粉x1) -40 [210-210-230-250]
230-235 秘銀外殼 - (秘銀錠x3) -10 [215-215-235-255]
235-245 高爆爆裂物x4 - [235-235-255-275]
(秘銀外殼x2 不牢固的扳機x1 實心火藥粉x2) -20

245-250 秘銀螺旋彈x200 - (秘銀錠x2 實心火藥粉x2) -10 [245-245-265-285]

若是想用護目鏡升級的話, [火焰護目鏡 ] 可以參考看看, 不過一樣, 並不建議做
火焰護目鏡 - (綠色護目鏡x1 重皮x4 黃水晶x2 元素火焰x2) [205-225-235-245]
[綠色護目鏡] 的進階物品

於220-260之間, 如果厚皮跟紅寶石夠多的話, 可以參考下面這兩個護目鏡
法術能量護目鏡極限版 - (厚皮x4 紅寶石x2) [225-245-255-265]
玫瑰色護目鏡 - (厚皮x6 紅寶石x2) [230-250-260-270]

250-255 緻密火藥粉 - (緻密的石頭x2) -10 [250-250-255-260]
255-265 秘銀螺旋彈x200 - (秘銀錠x2 實心火藥粉x2) -20 [245-245-265-285]

專精才能習得的傳送裝置, 蠻方便的, 冷卻時間是四個小時
空間撕裂器:永望鎮 - [260-285-295-305] <需哥布林工程 260>
(真銀變壓器x1 秘銀錠x10 大炸彈x1 紅寶石x2 火焰之心x4)
冬泉谷-永望鎮-銀行外-札普.法弗林<61,37>

安全傳送器:加基森 - [260-285-295-305] <需地精工程學 260>
(真銀變壓器x2 秘銀錠x12 秘銀杆x1 青綠石x4 純水之球x2 大地之核x4)
加基森-塔納利斯-上方的門旁-霍爾迪.水爐<52,26>

真銀變壓器 - (真銀錠x2 元素空氣x1 元素之土x2) [260-270-275-280]
荊棘谷-藏寶海灣-瑪茲克.斯奈普沙特<28,75> [公式限量]

大炸彈 - (秘銀外殼x1 哥布林火箭燃油x1 實心火藥x6 不牢固的扳機x1) [235-235-255-275]
哥布林火箭燃油 - (火焰花x1 烈性朗姆酒x1 鉛瓶x1) [210-225-245-265] <需鍊金 210>
秘銀杆 - (真銀錠x1 秘銀錠x5 金錠x1) [200-225-238-250] <需鍛造 200>
烈性朗姆酒 - 塔納利斯盜賊類人形怪均有機率掉落, 其他取得方式比較不易, 就不舉列了

265-280 瑟銀零件 - (瑟銀錠x3 符文布x1) -15 [260-280-290-300]
280-285 瑟銀管 - (瑟銀錠x6) -5 [275-295-305-315]
285-300 瑟銀彈x200 - (瑟銀錠x2 緻密火藥粉x1) -20 [285-295-300-305]

若前面是選用 [法術能量護目鏡極限版] 升級的話, 那可以考慮改良版升到290或300
法術能量護目鏡極限改良版 - [270-290-300-310]
(法術能量護目鏡極限版x1 紅寶石x4 附魔皮x2 符文布x8)

若是選用 [火焰護目鏡] 升級的話, 則可以考慮用最後一階的護目鏡升到300
工程大師護目鏡 - (火焰護目鏡x1 巨型翡翠x2 附魔皮x4) [290-310-320-330]

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等級需求50, 技能需求275, 技能可提升至375 [需找外域導師]
聯盟-贊格沼澤-泰倫多爾-李小炸<68,50>
聯盟-地獄火半島-榮譽堡-樂柏斯基<55,65>
部落-贊格沼澤-薩布拉金-馬克.戴沃<34,50>
部落-地獄火半島-索爾瑪-澤比克<54,38>
虛空風暴-52區-辛洛歐<32,66>

300-305 一把魔鐵螺栓 - (魔鐵錠x1) -10 [300-300-305-310]

305-310 魔鐵外殼 - (魔鐵錠x3) -10 [300-300-310-320]
310-320 魔鐵彈藥x200 - (魔鐵錠x2 元素火藥粉x1) -20 [310-310-320-330]
320-325 魔鐵槍 - (魔鐵外殼x3 一把魔鐵螺栓x6 沉重的樹幹x1) -5 [320-330-340-350]
325-335 堅鋼手榴彈x3 - (堅鋼錠x4 一把魔鐵螺栓x2 元素火藥粉x1) -10 [325-335-345-355]

要用魔鐵槍或監鋼手榴彈升等就看自己的材料需求囉, 重點在升到335就好

335-350 白色煙霧照明彈x3 - (元素火藥粉x1 幽紋布x1) -35 [335-335-345-355]
薩塔斯城-北陰鬱城-風之貿易者拉斯蕊<72,30>
元素火藥粉x4 (火焰微粒x1 大地微粒x2) [300-300-310-320]

外域的傳送裝置, 冷卻時間一樣是四個小時
空間撕裂器:52區 - [350-350-360-370] <需哥布林工程 350>
(克銀能量核心x1 堅鋼骨架x1 一把魔鐵螺栓x4 特大炸彈x2 原始之火x2)
虛空風暴-52區-卡巴拉姆.擲遠者<32,63>

安全傳送器:托斯利基地 - [350-350-360-370] <需地精工程 350>
(克銀能量核心x1 魔鋼安置器x2 堅鋼骨架x1 一把魔鐵螺栓x4 原始空氣x2)
劍刃山脈-托斯利基地-史邁爾斯.歐拜朗<60,65>

特大炸彈 - (魔鐵外殼x3 一把魔鐵螺栓x2 元素火藥粉x6 魔粉x3) [325-325-335-345]
克銀能量核心 - (克銀錠x3 原始之火x1) [350-350-360-370]
魔鋼安置器 - (魔鋼錠x2) [350-350-360-370]

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另提供外域的工程專用飛行座騎製作材料

等級需達70 工程學技能需達350 騎術需達225
飛行器 - [350-375-380-385] <飛行器控制裝置, 60%飛行座騎>
(堅鋼骨架x2 堅鋼錠x5 魔鐵錠x30 一把魔鐵螺栓x8 元素爆鹽炸藥x4 星木x8)
聯盟-影月谷-蠻錘要塞-尼歐畢.威索火花<37,55>
部落-影月谷-影月村-強納森.加勒特<29,28>

星木 - 工程學npc販賣

元素爆鹽炸藥 - (魔鐵外殼x1 一把魔鐵螺栓x1 元素火藥粉x2) [350-350-355-360]
虛空風暴-風暴之尖-卡瑞阿斯<43,34> -購買需名聲: 聯合團-崇敬-拾榜公式
納葛蘭-地圖中間左邊-波斯塔茲<30,57> -購買需名聲: 聯合團-崇敬-拾榜公式

等級需達70 工程學技能需達375 騎術需達300
渦輪飛行器 - [375-385-390-395] <渦輪增壓飛行器控制裝置, 280%飛行座騎>
(克銀能量核心x8 魔鋼安置器x8 堅鋼骨架x4 草裙女孩玩偶x1)
聯盟-影月谷-蠻錘要塞-尼歐畢.威索火花<37,55>
部落-影月谷-影月村-強納森.加勒特<29,28>

堅鋼骨架 - (堅鋼錠x4 原始大地x1) [325-325-330-335]
草裙女孩玩偶 - 薩塔斯城-南陰鬱城-格利夫塔<66,69>販賣 (100金, 崇拜80金)

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等級需求60, 技能需求350, 技能可提升至450 [需找北裂境導師]
聯盟-凜風峽灣-瓦爾加德-提夏.長樑<60,64>
聯盟-北風凍原-驍勇要塞-薩克.亮栓<58,72>
部落-凜風峽灣-復仇臺地-詹姆席納.華特利<78,29>
部落-北風凍原-戰哥堡-首席工程師雷凡尼<43,53>
達拉然-魔導士貿易區-賈斯汀.歐先可<39,26>

350-370 一把鈷藍螺栓x1-3 - (鈷藍錠x2) -30 [350-360-370-380]
370-375 烈性爆炸觸發器x2 - (鈷藍錠x3 晶化之水x1) -10 [350-366-375-385]
375-385 過載電容器 - (鈷藍錠x4 晶化大地x1) -15 [375-380-385-390]
385-390 爆裂誘餌 - (烈性爆炸觸發器x3 霜紋布x1) -10 [375-385-390-395]

390-400 霜鋼管 - (鈷藍錠x8 晶化之水x1) -15 [390-395-400-405]
400-405 鑽石切割折射望遠鏡 - (霜鋼管x1 一把鈷藍螺栓x2) -10 [390-400-407-415]
405-415 薩鋼炸彈x2-4 - (薩鋼錠x5 烈性爆炸觸發器x1) -15 [405-410-415-420]
415-420 治療注射器套件x5 - (薩鋼錠x12 一把鈷藍螺栓x2) -10 [410-415-420-425]
420-425 法力注射器套件x5 - (薩鋼錠x12 晶化之水x2) -10 [415-420-425-430]

[噪音裝置] 或 [機械雪鏡] 都可以練到440, 因為皮革易得, 採礦時有機會挖到晶化暗影
所以這邊是用 [機械雪鏡] 下去升等, 可以省蠻大量的錠用量
噪音裝置 - (霜鋼管x2 過載電容器x2 一把鈷藍螺栓x8) [420-435-440-445]

425-435 機械雪鏡 - (薩鋼錠x8 北風皮革x2 永恆暗影x1) -10 [420-435-440-445]

若是哥布林工程學的話, 將有很容易升等的技能可學
總體熱能工事炸藥 - (薩鋼錠x1 烈性爆炸觸發器x1) [425-425-430-435]

435-450 地精軍用小刀 - [435-440-445-450]
(薩鋼錠x10 剝皮小刀x1 採礦鎬x1 鐵匠之錘x1) -40

若是有足夠的 [暮光蛋白石] , 可以做瞄準鏡輕鬆升到450
尋心者瞄準鏡 - (薩鋼錠x10 暮光蛋白石x2) [430-435-445-455]

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另一併供應工程學北裂境戴具, 可以載一名隊友一起移動

機電師摩托車 / 機械重機車 - [450-480-485-490] (100%座騎, 無需工程學既可使用)
(泰坦鍛鋼錠x12 一把鈷藍螺栓x40 哥布林機械活塞x8 源質裝甲排氣管x1)
(可利用的鐵魔像零件x1 極地毛皮x2)
聯盟-凜風峽灣-瓦爾加德-物流幹部布萊頓<60,64> -購買需名聲: 聯盟先鋒-崇拜-拾榜公式
聯盟-北風凍原-驍勇要塞-物流幹部希維史東<58,66>
-購買需名聲: 聯盟先鋒-崇拜-拾榜公式
部落-凜風峽灣-復仇臺地-塞巴斯汀.克瑞恩<80,31>
-購買需名聲: 部落遠征軍-崇拜-拾榜公式
部落-北風凍原-戰歌堡-嘉拉.碎顱者<41,54> -購買需名聲: 部落遠征軍-崇拜-拾榜公式

聯盟先鋒 / 部落遠征軍的名聲是多個名聲合在一起的平均
如果只打算靠任務提升, 可能要把大部份地圖都解光才有
但若只是想升這名聲的話, 只要不穿任何北裂境外袍去打80級副本, 就會直接加這名聲

泰坦鍛鋼錠 - (泰坦鋼錠x3 永恆之火x1 永恆大地x1 永恆暗影x1) [450-450-450-450]
<採礦 450熔煉技能, 20小時冷卻時間>

泰坦鋼錠 - (泰坦鋼礦石x2) [450-450-450-450] <採礦 450熔煉技能>

需學會設計圖之後, npc才會賣你材料
哥布林機械活塞 - 風暴群山-K3-羅西.羊馳<41,85>販賣, 1000金
源質裝甲排氣管 - 風暴群山-K3-羅西.羊馳<41,85>販賣, 1500金
可利用的鐵魔像零件 - 風暴群山-K3-羅西.羊馳<41,85>販賣, 3000金

極地毛皮 - 北裂境能施放剝皮技能的怪皆有極低機率取得

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工程學的專精: 哥布林 / 地精
等級需達30 工程等級需達200
專精之後, 可裝備/製造該系之特殊裝備
至於要走哪系, 建議是先找到想要的裝備再去考慮系別

部份交易技能並非技能等級到達需求就可以接專精任務
有些會要你找到下個導師升級成大師或專家才能接任務

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哥布林工程學:
1. 貧瘠之地-荊齒城-延克維斯<62,36> 拿工程學教材手冊

2. 拿去給塔納利斯-加基森-尼克斯.斯普克斯賓<52,27>

3. 接受任務: 保密協議, 簽名, 還任 (此時, 你已經哥布林工程學綁定了)

4. 接受任務: 工作成果 (任務若沒完成, 砍掉技能也無法重新選系別)
任務所需物品: 自爆綿羊x5 實心火藥x20 重磅鐵製炸彈x20

任務所需材料:
A. 自爆綿羊 - [150-175-188-200] <導師 150技能>
(青銅框架x1 高速青銅齒輪x1 烈性火藥粉x2 毛料x2)

B. 實心火藥x2 - (實心火藥粉x1 絲綢x1) [175-175-185-195] <導師 175技能>
C. 重磅鐵製炸彈x2 - (鐵錠x3 烈性火藥粉x3 銀觸媒x1) [190-190-210-230] <導師 190技能>

鐵錠x30 烈性火藥粉x40 實心火藥粉x10
青銅框架x5 銀觸媒x10 高速青銅齒輪x5
毛料x10 絲綢x10
銀觸煤x5 - (銀錠x1) [90-110-125-140]
烈性火藥粉 - (沉重的石頭x1) [125-125-135-145]
高速青銅齒輪 - (青銅錠x2 毛料x1) [125-125-150-175]
青銅框架 - (青銅錠x2 中皮x1 毛料x1) [145-145-170-195]
實心火藥粉 - (堅固的石頭x2) [175-175-185-195]

5. 還任後, 既可得到 [哥布林工程協會會員卡]
拿到此卡的14天內, 你才能跟哥布林工程導師學習
卡片可以隨意丟棄, 那個只是讓你知道什麼時候到期罷了
想再拿卡片或讓時間重算時
只要接受任務: 會員卡續費, 繳交兩金既可

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地精工程學 - 聯盟方
1. 暴風城-矮人區-利廉姆.火軸<54,7> 拿工程學教材
2. 交給鐵爐寶-地精區-技工大師歐沃斯巴克<69,50> 既可

地精工程學 - 部落方
1. 奧格瑪-榮譽谷-羅克希克<75,25> 工程學教材
2. 交給荊棘谷-藏寶海灣-奧格索普.奧布諾提斯<28,76> 既可

3. 接受任務: 保密協議, 簽名, 還任 (此時, 你已經地精工程學綁定了)

4. 接受任務: 工作成果 (任務若沒完成, 砍掉技能也無法重新選系別)
任務所需物品: 精確瞄準鏡x1 高級活動假人x2 秘銀管x6

任務所需材料:

A. 精確瞄準鏡 - (青銅管x1 黃水晶x1 翡翠x1) [180-200-210-220] <公式限量>
荊棘谷-藏寶海灣-瑪茲克.斯奈普沙特<28,75>

B. 高級活動假人 - [185-185-205-225] <導師 185技能>
(鐵棒x1 青銅框架x1 發條式同步協調陀螺儀x1 重皮x4)

C. 秘銀管 - (秘銀錠x3) [195-195-215-235] <導師 195技能>

秘銀錠x18 鐵棒x2 青銅管x1
青銅框架x2 發條式同步協調陀螺儀x2
黃水晶x1 翡翠x1 重皮x8
青銅管 - (青銅錠x2 弱效助熔劑x1) [105-105-130-155]
青銅框架 - (青銅錠x2 中皮x1 毛料x1) [145-145-170-195]
黃金能量核心x3 - (金錠x1) [150-150-170-190]
鐵棒 - (鐵錠x2) [160-160-170-180]
發條式同步協調陀螺儀 - (鐵錠x1 黃金能量核心x1) [170-170-190-210]

5. 還任後, 既可得到 [地精工程協會會員卡]
拿到此卡的14天內, 你才能跟地精工程導師學習
卡片可以隨意丟棄, 那個只是讓你知道什麼時候到期罷了
想再拿卡片或讓時間重算時
只要接受任務: 會員卡續費, 繳交兩金既可

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
忘卻專精, 經實測證明 (2008.08.07)

當你想重新選系別時
1. 砍掉技能...沒錯, 確定要先砍掉工程學
(任務: [工作成果] 若沒完成, 則砍掉也無法選系)
2. 重學一次工程學直到技能等級200以上
3. 去塔納利斯的熱沙港靠山的小屋裡面65.18點擊桌上的書選系別

在砍掉工程學之前或之後, 點書都不會有任何反應發生
兩邊導師會在你等級達200以上時, 才會跟你說點書重置系別的相關情報
這時點書才會出現重置選項, 重選之前, 兩邊導師都不會教你專精工程學
無需繳費, 無需再解系別任務 (都砍掉了還要付錢就太過份了...)

LVDS noise immunity

2008-12-10T14:55:00.004+08:00

The current source in driver is always on and routed in different direction to drive logic ones and zeros.
This always-on characteristic eliminates the switching-noise spikes and EMI resulting from turning high-current transistors on and off. The two lines of the differential pair are adjacent to each other also providing noise immunity. Noise from crosstalk or EMI that is absorbed in one of the pair will also appear in the adjacent line. Since the receiver responds to the difference between the two channels, the common-mode noise that appears on both lines of the pair will cancel at the receiver. On the otehr hand, the two adjacent lines carry equal current but in opposite directions, EMI generation is minimized.

reference: LVDS Owner's Manual 4th edition 2008 from NS

LVDS advantage

2008-12-10T13:59:00.007+08:00

LVDS is an abbreviation of Low-Voltage Differential Signaling, and it has below advantages.

1. a small-swing differential signal for fast data transfers at significantly reduced power and with excellent noise immunity.
2. the latest products are capable of data rates in excess of 3Gbps while still maintaining the low power and noise immunity characteristics.

reference: LVDS Owner's Manual 4th edition 2008 from NS.

H.264 note

2008-12-02T13:56:00.003+08:00

H.264有一個不好處理的地方, 就是如果data lose會造成5秒沒有畫面, 需要等到下一個I frame.
所以需確保data沒傳錯, 沒lose.